Purchased as a gift for Empress Catherine the Great, the Peacock Clock is the only large example of 18th century robotics to have survived unaltered into the 21st century

The Peacock Clock is a large automaton featuring three life-sized mechanical birds manufactured in London by the British entrepreneur James Cox in the 1770s.

It began under the commission of Grigory Potemkin, who wanted to give it to Catherine the Great. The history of the Hermitage’s Peacock Clock begins in 1777 when the Duchess of Kingston came to St. Petersburg. Grigory Potemkin learned from the Duchess about James Cox, the most famous creator of the mechanisms in the second half of the 18th century.

The clock was purchased from James Cox by Prince Grigory Potyomkin as a gift for Empress Catherine the Great. Photo Credit1 Photo Credit2 — *The clock was purchased from James Cox by Prince Grigory Potemkin as a gift for Empress Catherine the Great. Photo Credit1 Photo Credit2*

The largest machine of the XVIII century. Photo Credit1 Photo Credit2 — *The largest machine of the 18th century. Photo Credit1 Photo Credit2*

Knowing the passion of Catherine II for collecting, the Prince commissioned the celebrated craftsman to make a monumental automaton with a clock for the Empress’s Hermitage. Cox invited Friedrich Urey, a German craftsman who had settled in London, to work with him on this order.

In 1781, the clock was brought to Russia unassembled and Russian mechanic Ivan Kulibin restored the clock on the request of Grigory Potemkin. Four separate mechanisms are combined in the Peacock Clock: three of them set the figures of birds in motion, while the fourth is the actual clock movement. These mechanisms are linked by a system of levers which ensures that their operation is in the correct sequence.

This timepiece-automaton is extremely impressive. Photo Credit — *An extremely impressive timepiece-automaton. Photo Credit*

A peacock, rooster, and owl are depicted on an oak tree. Photo Credit — *A peacock, a rooster, and an owl are depicted on an oak tree. Photo Credit*

Even while it is not in operation, this timepiece-automaton is extremely impressive: a peacock, a rooster, and an owl are depicted on an oak tree. Each of these birds has a lot of symbolism in art history: the peacock is the richest symbol in astral symbolism.

It represents the cosmos, the sun, and the lunar disk. The owl is a sign of night, quiet and wisdom and the rooster symbolizes light, life, and resurrection. In addition to the birds, the tree is decorated with oak leaves, acorns, and a few squirrels.

*The clock begins its show with some eerie chime music to which the owl turns its head. Photo Credit*

*The Peacock Clock is constantly exhibited in the Pavilion Hall of the Small Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia. Photo Credit*

*These days the clock is wound only on special occasions. Photo Credit*

The ornate timepiece-automaton is still in working order and it is the only large example of 18th-century robotics to have survived unaltered into the 21st century.

Read another story from us: The Silver Swan: The 18th Century Clockwork Automaton

Today it is a prominent exhibit in the collections of the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg.